Minoxidil is an FDA-approved, over-the-counter medication widely used to treat androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness) in men and women, usually as a 2% or 5% topical solution or foam. It works by increasing blood flow to hair follicles and extending the growth phase, stimulating regrowth and preventing further loss — though it requires consistent, long-term use.
- What it treats — primarily vertex hair loss (crown) and androgenetic alopecia, often marketed under the brand name Rogaine.
- How to use — applied to the dry scalp twice daily; it works best for people under 40 experiencing recent, moderate hair loss.
- Effectiveness — results typically appear after several months, and treatment must be continued; stopping usually leads to losing new hair within a few months.
- Initial shedding — users may experience temporary increased shedding during the first 2–3 months as follicles transition.
- Side effects — common ones include scalp irritation, dryness, itching, and unwanted hair growth on adjacent areas.
- Other forms — low-dose oral minoxidil is sometimes used off-label for hair growth, though it was originally formulated to treat high blood pressure.
Minoxidil is not effective for everyone, particularly for rapid, sudden, or patchy hair loss, and should not be used on an infected or inflamed scalp.